Non-State Actors Affected International Relations

Non-State Actors: Have an ability to affect International Relations 1 Introduction By the Peace of Westphalia ended the thirty years war, began the world politics and began the establishment of political system. There are global organizations controlled by states like United Nations (UN) and regional organizations which are the members from the nearest area with the same ideologies and take same principal of the organization like European Union (EU). Other side there are informal organization or also called Non-State Actors (NSA) that controlled by people from the states. Together they increase the world politics. NSA influenced the political systems also affected in the International Relations. In this essay I would divided into†¦show more content†¦They discuss, negotiate, and collaborate with other states about politics, about how they could build their own countries. This relation worked as the formal structure and is run by the government, parliaments as the representative of the state. As the time and the development of political systems, then it is making of global organization like United Nations (UN) also the regional organization like European Union (EU). They influenced world and increasingly the world conditions to be better and growth. Because there are a lot of problems in the world politics, so people create other organizations that concern to help the establishment of political systems but they are not under the state, this is called Non-State Actors (NSA). Types of NSA There are two types of NSA: IGOs and NGOs. IGOs are organizations or institutions joined by the states and governments that have an authority to make decisions of problem on the global agenda. IGOs are the most important because their members are states create the interstate system at the global level of analysis. IGOs have limited membership. NATO (The North Atlantic Treaty Organization), for example is primarily a military alliance, others like OAS (Organization of American States), both of these organization promote economic development and democratic reforms. Because most IGOs are concentrate their activities on specificShow MoreRelatedThe State Based Westphalian System Of Governance1468 Words   |  6 Pagesyears state sovereignty has allowed for individual states to effectively handle their problems internally. However, with the current increase of globalism, which Keohane and Nye describe as â€Å"a state of the world involving networks of interdependence at multicontinental distances† (75), many of the world’s major concerns have moved beyond the level of individual states. 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The process of economic globalization and the impact of neoliberalism in the contemporary world have affected the context in which regionalism/ regionalization occurs, with new balances and relations and consequent implications

Logistics Behind US Federal Regulations

Federal regulations are specific details directives or requirements with the force of law enacted by the federal agencies necessary to enforce the legislative acts passed by Congress. The Clean Air Act, the Food and Drug Act, the Civil Rights Act are all examples of landmark legislation requiring months, even years of highly publicized planning, debate, compromise and reconciliation in Congress. Yet the work of creating the vast and ever-growing volumes of federal regulations, the real laws behind the acts, happens largely unnoticed in the offices of the government agencies rather than the halls of Congress. Regulatory Federal Agencies Agencies, like the FDA, EPA, OSHA and at least 50 others, are called regulatory agencies  because they are empowered to create and enforce rules -- regulations -- that carry the full force of law. Individuals, businesses, and private and public organizations can be fined, sanctioned, forced to close, and even jailed for violating federal regulations. The oldest Federal regulatory agency still in existence is the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, established in 1863 to charter and regulate national banks. The  Federal Rulemaking Process The process of creating and enacting federal regulations is generally referred to as the rulemaking process. First, Congress passes a law designed to address a social or economic need or problem. The appropriate regulatory agency then creates regulations necessary to implement the law. For example, the Food and Drug Administration creates its regulations under the authority of the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act, the Controlled Substances Act and several other acts created by Congress over the years. Acts such as these are known as enabling legislation, because the literally enable the regulatory agencies to create the regulations required to administer enforce them. The Rules of Rulemaking Regulatory agencies create regulations according to rules and processes defined by another law known as the Administration Procedure Act (APA). The APA defines a rule or regulation as... [T]he whole or a part of an agency statement of general or particular applicability and future effect designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy or describing the organization, procedure, or practice requirements of an agency. The APA defines rulemaking as†¦ [A]gency action which regulates the future conduct of either groups of persons or a single person; it is essentially legislative in nature, not only because it operates in the future but because it is primarily concerned with policy considerations. Under the APA, the agencies must publish all proposed new regulations in the Federal Register at least 30 days before they take effect, and they must provide a way for interested parties to comment, offer amendments, or object to the regulation. Some regulations require only publication and an opportunity for comments to become effective. Others require publication and one or more formal public hearings. The enabling legislation states which process is to be used in creating the regulations. Regulations requiring hearings can take several months to become final. New regulations or amendments to existing regulations are known as proposed rules. Notices of public hearings or requests for comments on proposed rules are published in the Federal Register, on the Web sites of the regulatory agencies and in many newspapers and other publications. The notices will include information on how to submit comments, or participate in public hearings on the proposed rule. Once a regulation takes effect, it becomes a final rule and is printed in the Federal Register, the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and usually posted on the Web site of the regulatory agency. Type and Number of Federal Regulations In the Office of Management and Budgets (OMB) 2000 Report to Congress on the Costs and Benefits of Federal Regulations, OMB defines the three widely recognized categories of federal regulations as: social, economic, and process. Social regulations: seek  to benefit the public interest in one of two ways. It prohibits firms from producing products in certain ways or with certain characteristics that are harmful to public interests such as health, safety, and the environment. Examples would be OSHA’s rule prohibiting firms from allowing in the workplace more than one part per million of Benzene averaged over an eight hour day and the Department of Energy’s rule prohibiting firms from selling refrigerators that do not meet certain energy efficiency standards. Social regulation also requires firms to produce products in certain ways or with certain characteristics that are beneficial to these public interests. Examples are the Food and Drug Administration’s requirement that firms selling food products must provide a label with specified information on its package and Department of Transportation’s requirement that automobiles be equipped with approved airbags. Economic regulations: prohibit  firms from charging prices or entering or exiting lines of business that might cause harm to the economic interests of other firms or economic groups. Such regulations usually apply on an industry-wide basis (for example, agriculture, trucking, or communications). In the United States, this type of regulation at the federal level has often been administered by independent commissions such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). This type of regulation can cause economic loss from the higher prices and inefficient operations that often occur when the competition is restrained. Process Regulations: impose administrative or paperwork requirements such as income tax, immigration, social security, food stamps, or procurement forms. Most costs to businesses resulting from program administration, government procurement, and tax compliance efforts. Social and economic regulation may also impose paperwork costs due to disclosure requirements and enforcement needs. These costs generally appear in the cost for such rules. Procurement costs generally show up in the federal budget as greater fiscal expenditures. How Many Federal Regulations are There? According to the Office of the Federal Register, in 1998, the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the official listing of all regulations in effect, contained a total of 134,723 pages in 201 volumes that claimed 19 feet of shelf space. In 1970, the CFR totaled only 54,834 pages. The General Accountability Office (GAO) reports that in the four fiscal years from 1996 to 1999, a total of 15,286 new federal regulations went into effect. Of these, 222 were classified as major rules, each one having an annual effect on the economy of at least $100 million. While they call the process rulemaking, the regulatory agencies create and enforce rules that are truly laws, many with the potential to profoundly affect the lives and livelihoods of millions of Americans. What controls and oversight are placed on the regulatory agencies in creating federal regulations? Control of the Regulatory Process Federal regulations created by the regulatory agencies are subject to review by both the president and Congress under Executive Order 12866 and the Congressional Review Act. The Congressional Review Act (CRA) represents an attempt by Congress to re-establish some control over the agency rulemaking process. Executive Order 12866, issued on Sept. 30, 1993, by President Clinton, stipulates steps that must be followed by executive branch agencies before regulations issued by them are allowed to take effect. For all regulations, a detailed cost-benefit analysis must be performed. Regulations with an estimated cost of $100 million or more are designated major rules, and require completion of a more detailed Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA). The RIA must justify the cost of the new regulation and must be approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) before the regulation can take effect. Executive Order 12866 also requires all regulatory agencies to prepare and submit to OMB annual plans to establish regulatory priorities and improve coordination of the Administrations regulatory program. While some requirements of Executive Order 12866 apply only to executive branch agencies, all federal regulatory agencies fall under the controls of the Congressional Review Act. The Congressional Review Act (CRA) allows Congress 60 in-session days to review and possibly reject new federal regulations issued by the regulatory agencies. Under the CRA, the regulatory agencies are required to submit all new rules the leaders of both the House and Senate. In addition, the General Accounting Office (GAO) provides to those congressional committees related to the new regulation, a detailed report on each new major rule.

Listing Securities Free Essays

Listing of Securities Chapter Objectives ? To understand the concept of listing of securities ? To know the criteria for listing shares ? To learn the listing procedure ? To understand the concept of delisting Concept of Listing of Securities ?It means the admission of shares of a public limited company on the stock exchange for the purpose of trading. ?A company intending to have its shares listed on the stock exchange has to write an application to one or more recognised stock exchanges. ?A company becomes qualified to list its shares after getting the prior permission from the stock exchange. We will write a custom essay sample on Listing Securities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the advantages of listing of securities are: ? Liquidity Best prices Wide publicity ? Some disadvantages of listing of securities are: ? Subjected to various regulatory measures ? Expensive exercise Criteria for Listing A company that wants its securities to be listed in the stock exchange has to fulfil certain minimum requirements, such as: ? Minimum issued capital: A company should have minimum issued capital of Rs. 3 crores and the minimum public offer must be of Rs. 75 lakhs. ?Listing on multiple exchanges: It is essential for a company to get listed in the stock exchange if its paid up capital is above Rs. crores. ?Number of shareholders: A company must have a minimum ten shareholders. ?Articles of Association: The Articles of Association must be prepared in line with the sound corporate practice of a company. ?Advertisement: A company during the subscription period must not advertise by thanking the public for their overwhelming response. ?Applying mode: A company mu st issue a prospectus, which provides information on how the investor should apply for the shares. ?Public offer size: A company, in the first page of the prospectus must state the size of the public offer and the value of shares. Listing Procedure To get the listing permission from the stock exchange, a company has to undertake the following steps: ?Preliminary discussion: A company must have a detailed discussion with the authorities of the stock exchange in order to acquire complete knowledge about the various formalities to be completed for listing of securities. ?Articles of Association approval: A company must fulfil the following requirements in order to get the Articles of Association approved by the stock exchange authorities: ?It must use a common form of transfer. ?In case of distributing dividends, it must comply with Section 205-A f the Companies Act. ?The free dealing of shares must not be restricted by any provision. ?Draft prospectus approval: It is very essential for a company to get its draft prospectus approved from the stock exchange authorities. A prospectus must contain all the information required by the stock exchange. Listing Application ?A company that wants to offer its shares through the prospectus m ust file an application to the stock exchange. ?A company has to file following certificates alongwith the prospectus: ?Three certified copies of the memorandum and articles of association, and debenture trust deed. A copy of every report, balance sheet, valuation, court order, etc. as specified in the prospectus. ?Certified copies of underwriting, brokerage and sales managers’ agreement. ?Copies of agreements with the financial institutions. Listing Fee ?It is a fee charged by the stock exchange from the company for permitting the company’s securities to be traded in the exchange. ?It varies from major stock exchanges to regional stock exchanges. ?It also varies due to the equity base of the company. Listing of Right Shares A company has to fulfil certain formalities in case of isting right shares in the stock exchange, such as: ? ? ? ? ? A company must inform the stock exchange about the date of meeting with the Board of Directors for considering the proposal of list ing right shares. A company must obtain the consent of the shareholders by passing on a special resolution. A company must file a letter of offer that provides the financial information about the current market price of the share. A company must file a letter of offer within six weeks. A company must file a specimen copy of the offer letter to the stock exchange. Delisting It is the removal of a company’s shares from the listing in the stock exchange. ? Delisting can be of two types: ? Compulsory: The causes for compulsory delisting are as follows: ? Non-payment of the listing fee ? Non-redressal of grievances ? Unfair trade practices carried on by the managers ? Voluntary: The causes for voluntary delisting are as follows: ? ? ? Business suspended Mergers and takeovers Small capital base Chapter Summary By now, you should have: ? Understood the concept of listing of securities ? Learnt the procedure of listing of securities ? Understood the concept of delisting How to cite Listing Securities, Essay examples

How a class responded to the words Fatal Shore Essay Example For Students

How a class responded to the words Fatal Shore Essay The play of The Fatal Shore was introduced to us with just the word put up onto an overhead projector. The class brainstormed their ideas of what they thought this meant, people came up with words such as death, sea, and sand, this was effective as it brought our imaginations into the work and everybody got a chance to listen to other people and adapt on their own ideas. When we had all thought up our ideas we were told what Fatal Shore was actually all about, that it was brought about in Georgian England and that criminals were transported to spend the duration of their punishment away from England. We were given an example of a man, aged 20 years, who had stolen a silk bonnet and other goods, for this, his sentence was either hanging or transportation for 7 years. This was shocking to the class and it stuck in our minds, one pupil said that they couldnt believe they got sent away, for so long, for committing such minor crimes. We then got into small groups and each one was given a title to look at. The titles were: Punishment, The Loneliness of Man, The voyage and Fatal shore. With these we had to use imagery, and interpret what we thought the title meant in a few still images. This was effective because we all worked well as groups and it gave us a better understanding of what went on, on the ship. We used a warm up exercise called Captains coming where our teacher would shout north, east, south or west and wed run to the side of the room that had been designated as each of the directions. Our teacher, used teacher in role as an officer on the ship, and we would be convicts if we were one of the last people to get to the side, he would punish us by telling us to row or scrub the decks. This was effective because it was fun and it helped us concentrate on the more serious work that we did later on. We looked at a text extract from fatal shore, about the harbour and the exiles. We were read the extract, while we all created a still image, of what we thought it would be like there, how bad the conditions were and how depressing it was, our still image would be brought to life with thought tracking, which was effective because we empathised with how the convicts must have felt. We used lights and sound effects in this section to create a realistic atmosphere. In another lesson we used tableaux and thought tracking to show a scene in the hold of the ship, Our teacher came around the room and tapped random members of the group on the shoulder and asked them questions such as, why they were there, how they felt and when was the last time they saw the sun. This collected our thoughts together as a group and because we hadnt thought about theses questions before, the exercise was effective as it let us improvise and use our imaginations again, to create the scene and also empathise with how the convicts felt. Our teacher then went into role as an officer and came round the room, asking members of the group that were also in role as convicts, who it was who had been on deck last and left the mattresses of straw, out to get wet. This was very effective as it showed us how aggressive the officers were and how badly they treated the convicts. .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 , .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 .postImageUrl , .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 , .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9:hover , .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9:visited , .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9:active { border:0!important; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9:active , .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9 .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6dd16d7de43eda1354856d4db7fb4cb9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Principal Characters in the Merchant of Venice are Motivated Mainly by Money EssayIt even scared me even though I wasnt really there. Developing this even further, we all walked round in a circle in role as convicts. Our teacher told us that this would probably be the only time we saw daylight all week on the ship, from this we could improvise the way that the convicts would act, for example they may be excited or their eyes would be stinging as it was too bright. We carried on walking round in a circle following the person to our right and then turning round to walk the other way when we were told, by the teacher in role. We werent allowed to slack, as this was the on ly exercise we would be getting for at least a week. We had to carry on walking in total silence and the officer would threaten us if we disobeyed anything he said. This showed us how strict the discipline was on the ship, we also learnt more about how badly the convicts were treated. We created a group sculpture in the middle of the room, where we all got into positions we thought would create an image of the life in the hold. Then we used thought tracking of how we were feeling, as a convict or a member of authority at that moment. That was effective because some people were ill, others were upset or tired. We really had developed an image in our minds of what it was like and how atrocious the conditions were. While we were doing this we listened to the opening extract from the play Our Countrys Good. We were then given the 1st scene from this play to work on, in groups and improvise on to create our own scene. We used different techniques, such as narration and crosscutting. Everybodys improvisation was different. This was very effective as we got to see a number of different stylised interpretations when we finally showed the rest of the class.  After this we did a spontaneous improvisation, where a passing ship hand dropped a loaf of bread, nearby to where the convicts were working. We worked on what the convicts reactions might have been and also what the consequences of their actions would have been. We worked in groups and improvised a scene based on this. Some people were desperate to eat the bread but wouldnt, some werent interested and others were very tempted to take a bite of it but wouldnt, as they didnt get chance. We then adapted the scene by bringing an officer into the scene. We concentrated on what might happen here and what the officer would say and do in this situation. He might have used accusations and punishment to get the truth or not necessarily the truth, but what he wanted to hear. This was an effective piece of work because we learnt about how strict the rules were on the ship and we thought about how hungry and tempted, the convicts must have been at this point. Overall this scheme of work has been effective throughout but some parts could have been made better with more concentration from the group.